西部生态脆弱区现代开采对地下水与地表生态影响规律研究——神东大型煤炭基地地下水保护与生态修复途径探索

定　　价：438 元

• 作者：顾大钊等著
• 出版时间：2019/3/1
• ISBN：9787030605320
• 出 版 社：科学出版社

• 中图法分类：X822.5 
• 页码：492
• 版次：01
• 开本：16

内容简介

本书面向我国西部生态脆弱区煤炭现代开采地下水与地表生态保护,以全球千万吨安全高效矿井集中区———神东矿区为例, 以先进的综合机械化开采技术(简称“现代开采”) 支撑的超大工作面开采为试验对象, 基于开采全过程(采前—采中—采后及趋稳状态时) 地下水和地表生态响应的科学观测系统及翔实的试验数据, 深入研究现代开采条件下“三类地下水” (地表土壤水、第四系潜水和基岩裂隙水) 运移规律、地表生态(土壤、植被及根际环境等) 变化规律和地表生态自然恢复趋势等, 综合分析地表生态损伤程度, 揭示生态脆弱区煤炭现代开采地下水和地表生态变化的主要影响因素和采动覆岩与地表生态自修复能力。研究建立的“四维” 观测系统、提出的“三类地下水” “地表层含水率” “采动覆岩自修复” “地表生态自修复” 等内容, 丰富了煤炭现代开采生态修复理论与方法, 为提高西部生态脆弱区现代化煤矿区的生态修复效率提供了技术支撑。

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目 录

目录
前言
第1章 西部煤炭开采与生态修复技术发展 1
1.1 西部地区煤炭资源与开采地质条件 1
1.1.1 西部地区煤炭资源基本情况及开采地质条件 1
1.1.2 神东矿区煤炭资源及开采地质条件 5
1.2 煤炭现代开采技术特点及发展趋势 9
1.2.1 现代煤炭开采的主要特点 9
1.2.2 神东矿区煤炭现代开采工艺技术 12
1.2.3 西部地区煤炭现代开采技术发展趋势 15
1.3 西部煤炭开采地下水与地表生态保护及研究方法 17
1.3.1 煤炭现代开采面临的难题及相关科学问题 18
1.3.2 国内外研究与实践现状 20
1.3.3 研究分析思路和方法 24
第2章 基于四维地震的现代开采覆岩损伤规律研究 32
2.1 采动覆岩结构变化探测与分析方法 32
2.1.1 煤岩层地球物理测井方法 32
2.1.2 高精度四维地震数据采集与处理方法 43
2.1.3 四维地震资料数据处理 47
2.2 采动覆岩结构变化的信息提取与分析方法 56
2.2.1 时移地震数据体显示方法 56
2.2.2 采动覆岩静态描述方法 59
2.2.3 煤系地层动态描述 67
2.3 现代开采工作面采动覆岩结构变化分析 79
2.3.1 开采前煤层覆岩地震响应特征 79
2.3.2 开采中采动覆岩地震响应特征 80
2.3.3 开采后采动覆岩地震响应特征 83
2.4 现代开采技术下采动覆岩结构变化趋势分析 85
2.4.1 采动覆岩结构变化的地震“三带”响应特点 85
2.4.2 采动覆岩结构变化信息增强方法 87
2.4.3 基于地震振幅谱信息的采动裂隙发育变化分析 88
2.4.4 采动覆岩渗透率变化趋势分析 93
第3章 煤炭现代开采对浅表层结构及土壤水的影响 100
3.1 基于时移地质雷达的地表层含水性变化探测方法 100
3.1.1 时移地质雷达探测方法 100
3.1.2 第四系地表层主要岩性结构及分布特征 118
3.1.3 地表层含水率信息提取方法 123
3.2 开采对地表层结构的影响分析 130
3.2.1 层位厚度提取算法研究 130
3.2.2 层位变化评价算法 133
3.2.3 开采不同阶段主要岩性结构的变化分析 134
3.3 开采对地表层含水率的影响及变化趋势分析 137
3.3.1 地表层含水率探测有效性及影响因素 137
3.3.2 采前地表层含水率空间分布情况 139
3.3.3 开采对地表层含水率的影响分析 140
第4章 现代开采对采动覆岩赋水性影响研究 144
4.1 现代开采影响的物理和数值模拟研究 144
4.1.1 模拟研究方法 144
4.1.2 含水层泄漏状态响应模拟 145
4.1.3 地下水顺层流动状态响应模拟 148
4.1.4 地下充水采空区状态响应模拟 150
4.1.5 开采覆岩破坏状态响应模拟 151
4.2 时移高精度电法数据采集与处理方法 152
4.2.1 现场数据采集 153
4.2.2 数据预处理方法 153
4.2.3 数据精细反演与可视化成像 158
4.2.4 高精度电阻率解释 160
4.3 补连塔试验区采动覆岩富水性变化综合分析 165
4.3.1 试验区基本地电情况 165
4.3.2 采动覆岩赋水性剖面分析 167
4.3.3 采动覆岩赋水性变化综合分析 171
第5章 现代开采基岩裂隙水模拟预测分析 180
5.1 地下水流有限单元法模拟方法 180
5.1.1 有限单元法简介 180
5.1.2 FEFLOW软件介绍 182
5.2 基岩裂隙水流场数值模拟 183
5.2.1 地下水系统概念模型 183
5.2.2 地下水系统数学模型 184
5.2.3 地下水系统数值模型的建立 185
5.2.4 地下水数值模型的识别与验证 188
5.2.5 地下水数值模型的预测 190
5.3 乌兰木伦井田开采对基岩裂隙水影响预测分析 191
5.3.1 水文地质概况 191
5.3.2 基岩裂隙水产生矿井水量预测 193
5.4 补连塔井田开采对基岩裂隙水影响预测分析 195
5.4.1 水文地质概况 195
5.4.2 基岩裂隙水产生矿井水量预测 197
5.5 大柳塔井田开采对基岩裂隙水影响预测分析 200
5.5.1 水文地质概况 201
5.5.2 基岩裂隙水产生矿井水量预测 205
5.6 榆家梁井田开采对基岩裂隙水影响预测分析 209
5.6.1 水文地质概况 209
5.6.2 基岩裂隙水产生矿井水量预测 212
第6章 现代开采沉陷区地表移动变形规律研究 216
6.1 现代开采地表移动变形观测与分析方法 216
6.1.1 观测系统及观测点布局 216
6.1.2 地表移动观测方法 218
6.1.3 地表移动观测数据处理 220
6.2 现代煤炭开采对地表移动变形规律影响分析 222
6.2.1 基于实测的地表移动变形规律 223
6.2.2 基于模型的地表移动变形参数求取 228
6.2.3 地表动态参数求取与分析 231
6.2.4 动态参数对比分析 232
6.3 开采沉陷地表破坏预测分析 234
6.3.1 基于参数的地表沉陷预测分析比较 234
6.3.2 基于Suffer的开采沉降区三维动态模拟分析 235
6.3.3 地表变形区自修复能力分析 235
第7章 现代开采地表裂缝发育规律研究 240
7.1 开采沉降区动态裂缝初始状态及分布特征 240
7.1.1 下沉盆地动态裂缝初始状态的分布特征 240
7.1.2 动态裂缝发育周期监测方法 242
7.1.3 动态裂缝产生的时机模型 242
7.2 典型动态裂缝发育规律分析 244
7.2.1 典型动态裂缝发育特征分析 244
7.2.2 动态裂缝的发育周期函数模型 246
7.3 典型边缘裂缝分布特征与属性 247
7.3.1 边缘裂缝监测方法 247
7.3.2 边缘裂缝的分布特征与属性 248
7.3.3 边缘裂缝宽度与深度关系分析 249
7.4 地裂缝浅层地下轨迹研究 253
7.4.1 地裂缝浅层地下轨迹探测方法 253
7.4.2 地裂缝轨迹特征 255
第8章 现代开采沉陷区土壤水及渗流规律研究 262
8.1 地表土壤水及土壤渗流特性测定方法 262
8.1.1 地表裂缝处含水率测定 262
8.1.2 土壤垂直方向水分影响观测 264
8.1.3 地表裂缝区土壤渗流特性测定 265
8.1.4 地表水土流失测定 268
8.2 开采地表裂缝及沉陷区土壤水变化特征 270
8.2.1 动态裂缝对土壤含水性的影响特点 270
8.2.2 边缘裂缝对土壤含水性的影响特点 278
8.2.3 开采裂缝对土壤含水量的影响及自修复作用 283
8.2.4 塌陷时序上土壤含水量变化比较分析 285
8.3 开采沉陷不同区土壤垂直方向水分变化特征 286
8.3.1 对照区的土壤水分垂直特征 287
8.3.2 沉陷区谷底区土壤水分垂直特征 289
8.3.3 沉陷盆地边缘土壤水分垂直特征 289
8.3.4 开切眼处土壤水分垂直特征 290
8.4 开采对土壤渗流影响规律 291
8.4.1 开采过程中土壤入渗变化规律 291
8.4.2 影响土壤稳定入渗速率的因素分析 294
8.4.3 土壤渗流变化趋势分析 296
8.5 开采对地表水土流失影响研究 296
8.5.1 径流小区地表和水流变化 296
8.5.2 水土流失影响现场试验研究 297
第9章 现代开采沉陷区土壤损伤规律研究 299
9.1 土壤主要参数测定方法 299
9.1.1 土壤样点时空布局及采集方法 299
9.1.2 植物土壤采样布局与方法 301
9.1.3 土壤主要物理参数测定方法 303
9.1.4 土壤主要化学参数测定方法 306
9.2 现代开采沉陷区土壤物理特征时空变化 309
9.2.1 土壤容重变化特征 309
9.2.2 土壤孔隙度变化特征 312
9.2.3 土壤含水率变化特征 314
9.2.4 土壤入渗与蒸发能力变化特征 319
9.3 现代开采沉陷区土壤化学特征时空变化 321
9.3.1 土壤pH 321
9.3.2 土壤全氮 322
9.3.3 土壤速效钾 323
9.3.4 土壤速效磷 325
9.3.5 土壤有机质 326
第10章 现代开采沉陷区植物生长及根际土壤环境变化研究 329
10.1 研究区植物概况及采样方法 329
10.1.1 研究区植物概况 329
10.1.2 典型植物选择 331
10.1.3 样区布置与采样方法 334
10.1.4 主要测试参数及测定方法 338
10.2 现代开采沉陷区植物生长变化研究 338
10.2.1 补连塔现代开采沉陷区典型植物变化研究 339
10.2.2 大柳塔现代开采沉陷区典型植物变化研究 348
10.3 现代开采对典型植物土壤环境的主要影响 354
10.3.1 补连塔现代开采沉陷区植物根际土壤变化 354
10.3.2 大柳塔研究区现代开采沉陷区植物土壤环境研究 369
第11章 现代开采沉陷区植物根际生物环境及多样性变化研究 378
11.1 开采沉陷对植物根际微生物数量的影响 378
11.1.1 补连塔研究区 379
11.1.2 大柳塔研究区 388
11.2 开采对典型植物根际酶活性的影响 390
11.2.1 补连塔研究区 391
11.2.2 大柳塔研究区 398
11.3 现代开采沉陷区微生物菌群多样性影响 400
11.3.1 不同开采时间根系真菌种类 400
11.3.2 不同开采时间下系统发育树 401
11.3.3 根系真菌多样性分析 401
11.4 现代开采沉陷区植物群落演替变化分析 417
11.4.1 物种多样性 418
11.4.2 植物群落特征 419
第12章 现代开采地表生态损伤程度与自修复研究 431
12.1 基于GIS的矿区生态环境损害评价 432
12.1.1 损害评价指标体系构建 432
12.1.2 专题数据处理分析 436
12.1.3 评价方法 443
12.1.4 评价结果分析 443
12.2 基于现代开采的地表土地生态损伤自修复能力研究 445
12.2.1 土地生态环境自修复评价模型 445
12.2.2 评价体系构建 449
12.2.3 评价模型应用 452
12.2.4 评价结果分析 454
12.3 基于现代开采的植被生态损伤及自修复能力研究 456
12.3.1 现代开采生态系统损伤模型构建 456
12.3.2 现代开采对本底生态环境的影响程度评价(试验区案例) 460
12.3.3 现代开采植物生态损伤及自修复能力评价 463
参考文献 468
Contents
Preface
1 Coal mining in Western region and technology advances for eco-restoration 1
1.1 Coal resources and mining geological conditions in Western China 1
1.1.1 Coal resources and geological conditions for coal development 1
1.1.2 The geological conditions and coal resources in Shendong mining area 5
1.2 Features of modern coal mining technology and its progress trend 9
1.2.1 The major features of modern coal mining 9
1.2.2 Application of modern mining techniques in Shendong mining area 12
1.2.3 The progress tendency of modern coal mining in Western China 15
1.3 The issues and solution for groundwater and surface ecology in coal mining area of Western China 17
1.3.1 The challenges from coal mining and some key academic issues 18
1.3.2 Progress of the related research and practice around the world 20
1.3.3 The ideas and methodology for the research 24
2 Mining damage analysis of overlying strata using 4D seismic method 32
2.1 Prospecting and analysis method for the overlying strata change 32
2.1.1 Geophysical logging method for coal and rock formations 32
2.1.2 Seismic acquisition for high-precision 4D data 43
2.1.3 4D seismic data processing 47
2.2 The features identification for the changes of overlying rock structure 56
2.2.1 T-shift seismic interpretation and data volume display 56
2.2.2 Static description of mining overlying strata 59
2.2.3 Dynamic description of coal-contained strata 67
2.3 Analysis of overlying strata change in over-sized mining face 79
2.3.1 Seismic response features of overlying strata before mining 79
2.3.2 Seismic response features of overlying strata during mining 80
2.3.3 Seismic response features of overlying strata after mining 83
2.4 Trend analysis of the overlying strata impacted with modern mining 85
2.4.1 The “three zones” of the overlying strata 85
2.4.2 Enhanced method for change features of the overlying strata structures 87
2.4.3 Fracture progress analysis using T-shift seismic amplitude spectrum (SAM) 88
2.4.4 Permeability analysis of overlying strata using T-shift SAM 93
3 Coal mining impact on near-surface strata and soil moisture 100
3.1 Moisture detection of near-surface strata and soil using T-shift GPR 100
3.1.1 T-shift Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method 100
3.1.2 Lithographic structure and spatial distribution of Quaternary layer 118
3.1.3 Determined method for the near-surface layer moisture 123
3.2 Mining impact analysis to the structure of near-surface layer 130
3.2.1 The layer’s thickness algorithm 130
3.2.2 Evaluation algorithm of the layer’s thickness change 133
3.2.3 Changes of lithological structure during different mining phases 134
3.3 Mining impact to the near-surface layer moisture and its tendency 137
3.3.1 Detection effectiveness of the moisture content and influencing factors 137
3.3.2 Spatial distribution of the moisture content before mining 139
3.3.3 Impact analysis of the moisture content 140
4 The mining impact on the hydrolic property of overlying strata 144
4.1 The physical and numerical simulation of the mining impacts 144
4.1.1 Simulation method 144
4.1.2 Mining response simulation of aquifer leakage 145
4.1.3 Mining response simulation of groundwater bedding flow 148
4.1.4 Mining response simulation of underground water-filled goaf 150
4.1.5 Mining response simulation of the overlying strata 151
4.2 Data acquisition and processing using T-shift high-precision EM 152
4.2.1 Field data acquisition 153
4.2.2 Data pre-processing method 153
4.2.3 Data inversion and visualization 158
4.2.4 High-precision resistivity interpretation 160
4.3 Analysis to the hydrolic property of overlying strata in Bulianta test area 165
4.3.1 Geo-electric setting in test area 165
4.3.2 Profile analysis to the hydrous property of overlying strata 167
4.3.3 Comprehensive analysis to hydrolic property of overlying strata 171
5 Prediction of bedrock fissure water under modern mining 180
5.1 Finite element simulation method of groundwater flow 180
5.1.1 Introduction of finite element method 180
5.1.2 Introduction of FEFLOW software 182
5.2 The numerical simulation of bedrock fissure flow field 183
5.2.1 Conceptual model for describing groundwater system 183
5.2.2 Mathematical description for the groundwater system 184
5.2.3 Numerical model construction of the groundwater system 185
5.2.4 Identification and validation of the model parameter 188
5.2.5 Prediction of groundwater using the numerical model 190
5.3 Predicting mining impact on bedrock fissure water in Ulanmulun mine 191
5.3.1 Hydro-geological conditions of Ulanmulun mine 191
5.3.2 Predicting mine water from bedrock fissure water 193
5.4 Predicting mining impact on bedrock fissure water in Bulianta mine 195
5.4.1 Hydro-geological conditions of Bulianta mine 195
5.4.2 Predicting mine water from bedrock fissure water 197
5.5 Predicting mining impact on bedrock fissure water in Daliuta mine 200
5.5.1 Hydro-geological conditions of Daliuta mine 201
5.5.2 Predicting mine water from bedrock fissure water 205
5.6 Predicting mining impact on bedrock fissure water in Yujialiang mine 209
5.6.1 Hydro-geological conditions of Yujialiang mine 209
5.6.2 Predicting mine water from bedrock fissure water 212
6 Ground movement and deformation in modern mining area 216
6.1 Detection and analysis method of surface movement and deformation 216
6.1.1 Detecting system and its layout of measuring position 216
6.1.2 Detecting method of the ground movement 218
6.1.3 Acquired data processing 220
6.2 Analysis of the movement and deformation due to underground mining 222
6.2.1 The movement and deformation tendency based on site measurement 223
6.2.2 The movement and deformation modeling using the parameters 228
6.2.3 The parameter calculation of ground movement and its analysis 231
6.2.4 The parameter comparison and analysis of dynamic ground movement 232
6.3 Prediction of ground subsidence induced by underground mining 234
6.3.1 Prediction of ground subsidence based on parameters 234
6.3.2 3D dynamic simulation of the ground subsidence area using Suffer 235
6.3.3 Analysis of self-healing ability for ground deformation 235
7 The occurrence and development of surface cracks in mining area 240
7.1 Initial status and distribution of dynamic fractures in subsidence area 240
7.1.1 Initial status and distribution of dynamic cracks within subsidence area 240
7.1.2 Dynamical measuring method of fracture development process 242
7.1.3 Timing model for dynamic ground crack generation 242
7.2 The occurrence and development features of dynamic cracks 244
7.2.1 Development features of the dynamic cracks 244
7.2.2 Development cycle model of the dynamic cracks 246
7.3 Distribution features and properties of the margin cracks 247
7.3.1 Data acquirement of the margin cracks 247
7.3.2 Distribution features and properties of the margin cracks 248
7.3.3 The relation between width and depth of the margin cracks 249
7.4 The subsurface trajectory of the ground cracks 253
7.4.1 Detection of the ground cracks 253
7.4.2 The subsurface trajectory features of the ground cracks 255
8 The soil moisture and its seepage features in the subsidence area 262
8.1 Measurement of soil-water and soil seepage characteristics 262
8.1.1 The measurement of surface cracks 262
8.1.2 The vertical measurement of soil moisture 264
8.1.3 The soil seepage measurement in surface crack area 265
8.1.4 Measurement of soil and water erosion 268
8.2 Development characteristics of the surface cracks and soil moisture 270
8.2.1 Dynamic crack influence on the soil moisture 270
8.2.2 Margin crack influence on the soil moisture 278
8.2.3 The crack influence on the soil moisture and its self-healing tendency 283
8.2.4 Sequential comparison of soil moisture at surface subsidence area 285
8.3 Vertical change of soil moisture in the subsidence area 286
8.3.1 Vertical change of soil moisture in the contrast area 287
8.3.2 Vertical changes of soil moisture in the central gentle zone 289
8.3.3 Vertical changes of soil moisture at the margin zone 289
8.3.4 Vertical changes of soil moisture at face cut zone 290
8.4 Mining influence on soil infiltration 291
8.4.1 The variation of soil infiltration during mining process 291
8.4.2 Primary factors affecting soil steady infiltration rate 294
8.4.3 Soil infiltration tendency analysis 296
8.5 The mining influence on soil and water erosion 296
8.5.1 Variation of surface water flow in runoff plot 296
8.5.2 Field test on soil erosion effects 297
9 The soil damage in mining subsidence area 299
9.1 Measurement methods of the soil parameters 299
9.1.1 Spatial and temporal layout of the soil samples and sampling method 299
9.1.2 Spatial and temporal layout of the plant samples and sampling method 301
9.1.3 Measurement methods of the soil physical parameters 303
9.1.4 Measurement methods of the soil chemical parameters 306
9.2 Temporal and spatial variation of the soil physical parameters 309
9.2.1 Soil bulk density 309
9.2.2 Soil porosity 312
9.2.3 Soil moisture 314
9.2.4 Soil infiltration and evaporation capacity 319
9.3 Temporal and spatial variation of the soil chemical parameters 321
9.3.1 Soil pH 321
9.3.2 Total N 322
9.3.3 Available K 323
9.3.4 Available P 325
9.3.5 Organic matter 326
10 Variation of plant growth and rhizosphere soil in subsidence area 329
10.1 Plant survey and sampling methods in the study area 329
10.1.1 Plant situation of the study area 329
10.1.2 Selection of the typical plant 331
10.1.3 Measurement layout and sampling method 334
10.1.4 Primary measured parameters and methods 338
10.2 The plant growth variation in mining subsidence area 338
10.2.1 Comparison of the typical plants in Bulianta subsidence area 339
10.2.2 Comparison of the typical plants in Daliuta subsidence area 348
10.3 Primary influence on the plant rhizosphere soil in subsidence area 354
10.3.1 Rhizosphere soil comparison of the plant in Bulianta sample area 354
10.3.2 Rhizosphere soil comparison of the plant in Daliuta sample area 369
11 Variation of the plant rhizosphere biological environment and the diversity in subsidence area 378
11.1 Subsidence effects on the microbial quantity in the plant rhizosphere 378
11.1.1 Bulianta sample area 379
11.1.2 Daliuta sample area 388
11.2 Subsidence effects on the enzyme activities in the plant rhizosphere 390
11.2.1 Bulianta sample area 391
11.2.2 Daliuta sample area 398
11.3 Subsidence effects on the microbial flora diversity in plant rhizosphere 400
11.3.1 The root fungus species at different mining stages 400
11.3.2 The phylogenetic tree at different mining stages 401
11.3.3 Analysis of root fungal diversity 401
11.4 The plant community succession in mining subsidence area 417
11.4.1 Plant species diversity 418
11.4.2 Feature of plant communities 419
12 Degree of the ecological damage and the self-healing in mining area 431
12.1 GIS-based damage evaluation on the ecological environment 432
12.1.1 Construction of damage assessment index system 432
12.1.2 Thematic data processing 436
12.1.3 Evaluation method 443
12.1.4 Analysis of evaluation results 443
12.2 Ecological self-healing ability of the damaged soil 445
12.2.1 Self-healing evaluation mode for land ecological environment 445
12.2.2 Construction of the evaluation system 449
12.2.3 The model application to sample area 452
12.2.4 Evaluation result analysis 454
12.3 The ecological self-healing ability of the damaged vegetation 456
12.3.1 Ecosystem damage model construction 456
12.3.2 Impact evaluation on the ecological background level 460
12.3.3 Evaluation on damaged vegetation and ecological self-healing ability 463
References 468