Thebookstarts,inChapter1,withanoverviewofthecurrentstatusofgeomechanicalmodeltestsandinfrareddetection,followedbyanintroductiontosometheoreticalaspectsofinfraredphysicsandalgorithmsusedintheinfraredimageprocessing(Chapter2).GeomechanicalmodelconstructionispresentedinChapter3.InChapters4,5,6,7and8,applicationofinfraredthermographyinthegeomechanicalmodeltestsontunnelexcavationsandroadwaystabilityassessmentsindifferentlyinclinedrockstrataarepresentedrespectivelywithadetailedde*ionoftheexperimentalmethods,testingprocedures,imagingprocessingalgorithmsandfindingsobtainedfromcharacterizationofthethermalsequences.
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Contents
Preface
ChapterlOverview.I
l.IBackground.I
1.2()verviewofgeomechanicsmodeltests3
1.3()verviewofinfrareddetection4
References6
Chapter2Theoreticalaspectsoftheinfraredll
2.ITheinfraredll
2.2Infraredspectralband13
2.3Radiometryfundamentals18
2.3.IRadiantenergy19
2.3.2Radiantpowerandflux19
2.3.3Geometricalspreadingofabeam19
2.3.4Radiance20
2.3.5Irradiance22
2.3.6Radiantexitance22
2.3.7Radiantintensityofasourceinagivendirection23
2.3.8Bouguer'slaw23
2.3.9Radiationscattering24
2.4Blackbodyradiation25
2.4.IConceptofblackbody25
2.4.2Planck'slaw.26
2.4.3Wien'slaw29
2.4.4Stefan-Boltzmannlaw30
2.4.5Exitanceofablackbodyinagivenspectralband30
2.4.6Calculationofexitanceofblackbody32
2.4.7Thermalradiationcontrast35
2.5Radiationofrealbodies36
2.5.IDifferenttypesofradiator36
2.5.2Emissivityofamaterial38
2.5.3Stefan-Boltzmann'slawforgreybody43
2.5.4Dielectricmaterials44
2.5.5Electricallyconductingmaterials47
References48
Chapter3Geomechanicalmodeltest50
3.ILiteraturereviewonphysicalmodeltest50
3.2Similaritytheoryanddimensionalanalysis53
3.2.ISimilarityprinciples53
3.2.2Selectionofsimilaritymaterialsandratios56
3.3Fieldcase(prototype)58
3.3.ISitegeology.58
3.3.2Insiturockproperties60
3.4Geomechanicalmodelconstruction61
3.4.ITestingmachine61
3.4.2Modeldimension62
3.4.3Physico-mechanicalparametersofthemodel64
3.4.4Rockstructuresimulation65
3.4.5Geomechanicalmodel68
3.5Infrareddetection69
3.5.IThermographyandimagingprocedures69
3.5.2Temperaturecalibration72
3.5.3Imageprocessing73
References74
Chapter4Excavationin600inclinedstrata78
4.IIntroduction78
4.2Experiment79
4.2.IRockmodelmaterial79
4.2.2Geomechanicalmodelconstruction.80
4.2.3Excavationplan82
4.2.4Excavationmethod83
4.3Infrareddetection84
4.3.IInfraredthermography84
4.3.2Thermal-mechanicalcoupling85
4.4Imageprocessing87
4.7Discussion112
4.7.IExcavationindifferentlyinclinedrocksoverfull-faceexcavation112
4.7.2Excavationindifferentlyinclinedrocksoverthestagedexcavation115
4.7.3Summary119
References120
Chapter5Excavationin450strata123
5.IIntroduction123
5.2Shortreviewofinfrareddetection124
5.3Experiment127
5.3.IModelconstruction127
5.3.2Testingprocedure129
5.4Infrareddetection131
5.4.IInfraredthermography131
5.4.2Energyreleaseindex.132
5.4.3Imageprocessingalgorithm133
5.4.4Principlesforimageanalysis133
5.4.5Fourieranalysis133
5.5ResultsandDiscussions135
5.5.IOverallthermalresponse135
5.5.2Characterizationofthefull-faceexcavation.138
5.5.3Comparisonbetweentheexcavationinooand450inclinedstrata143
5.5.4Characterizationofthestagedexcavation145
5.5.5Summary152
References153
Chapter6Excavationinhorizontalstrata156
6.IIntroduction156
6.2Experiment158
6.2.IGeomechanicalmodelconstruction158
6.2.2Testingprocedure159
6.3Infrareddetection161
6.3.IInfraredthermography161
6.3.2Imageprocessing162
6.3.3Fouriertransformofthethermalimage163
6.3.4Enhancementofthethermalimage164
6.3.5Spectralanalysis166
6.4Resultsanddiscussions167
6.4.IOverallthermalresponse167
6.4.2Characterizationofthefull-faceexcavation.169
6.4.3Characterizationofthestagedexcavation175
6.4.4Summary181
References183
Chapter70verloadedtunnelin450inclinedrocks185
7.IIntroduction185
7.2Experimental187
7.2.IGeomechanicalmodel.187
7.2.2Loadingpath188
7.3Infrareddetection189
7.3.IInfraredthermographyandimagingprocedures189
7.3.2Temperaturecalibration191
7.3.3Imageprocessing192
7.4Fourieranalysis193
7.4.IStresswavepropagation193
7.4.2Fouriertransform196
7.4.3Periodicitvintimedomain197
7.4.4Periodicityinspatialdomain199
7.4.5Physicalmeaningofthespatialfrequency199
7.4.6Methodforspectralanalysis200
7.5Loadingpathandoverallrockresponse203
7.5.IEnergyreleaseindex.203
7.5.2Loadingrate205
7.5.3Characterizationoftheloadingrateeffect205
7.6Resultsanddiscussions207
7.6.ITermsandapproach.207
7.6.2SpectracharacterizationofloadingstateA.207
7.6.3Characterizationofloadingcaseswithslowloadingrate212
7.6.4Characterizationofloadingcaseswithfastloadingrate218
7.6.5Discussions222
7.6.6Summary225
References226
Chapter80verloadedtunnelinhorizontalstrata231
8.IIntroduction231
8.2Experimental232
8.2.IGeologicalmodel232
8.2.2Loadingscheme233
8.2.3Infrareddetection234
8.3Problemstatement236
8.4Imagedenoisingfilters237
8.4.ITypesofthenoise237
8.4.2Removingenvironmentalnoise237
8.4.3Suppressionoftheimpulsivenoise238
8.4.4Removingtheadditive-periodicalnoise238
8.5Morphologicalenhancementfilter239
8.5.IShortreview239
8.5.2Fundamentals239
8.5.3Filterdevelopment240
8.5.4Multi-scaleSE242
8.6Imageprocessing243
8.6.IAlgorithmandimageanalysisrules243
8.6.2Assessmentofimagingprocessingeffect244
8.6.3Rockresponseathydrostaticstressstate245
8.6.4Rockresponseatunbalancedstressstate249
8.7CharacterizationofnewIRimages.253
8.7.IMissionandrule253
8.7.2LoadingcaseBl255
8.7.3LoadingcaseB2256
8.7.4LoadingcaseB3257
8.7.5I_oadingcaseB4259
8.7.6LoadingcaseB5261
8.7.7LoadingcaseB6262
8.7.8Discussion264
8.7.9Summary266
References266
Appendix:Thecoleredthermalimagesinchapter48 269
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